close
References
  1. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. HIV testing. www.cdc.gov/hiv/testing/index.html. Last reviewed June 9, 2020. Accessed September 1, 2020.
  2. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Screening for HIV. www.cdc.gov/hiv/clinicians/screening/index.html. Last reviewed June 3, 2020. Accessed September 1, 2020.
  3. Chou R, Dana T, Grusing S, Bougatsos C. Screening for HIV infection in asymptomatic, nonpregnant adolescents and adults: updated evidence report and systematic review for the US Preventive Services Task Force. JAMA. 2019;321(23):2337-2348.
  4. INSIGHT START Study Group; Lundgren JD, Babiker AG, Gordin F, et al. Initiation of antiretroviral therapy in early asymptomatic HIV infection. N Engl J Med. 2015;373(9):795-807.
  5. Mateo-Urdiales A, Johnson S, Smith R, Nachega JB, Eshun-Wilson I. Rapid initiation of antiretroviral therapy for people living with HIV. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2019;6(6):Cd012962.
  6. Selph SS, Bougatsos C, Dana T, Grusing S, Chou R. Screening for HIV infection in pregnant women: updated evidence report and systematic review for the US Preventive Services Task Force. JAMA. 2019;321(23):2349-2360.
  7. Shah M, Risher K, Berry SA, Dowdy DW. The epidemiologic and economic impact of improving HIV testing, linkage, and retention in care in the United States. Clin Infect Dis. 2016;62(2):220-229.
  8. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. HIV in the United States by region. www.cdc.gov/hiv/statistics/overview/geographicdistribution.html. Last reviewed July 2, 2020. Accessed September 1, 2020.
  9. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. HIV in the Southern United States. www.cdc.gov/hiv/pdf/policies/cdc-hiv-in-the-south-issue-brief.pdf?ncid=txtlnkusaolp00000618. September 2019. Accessed September 1, 2020.
  10. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Diagnoses of HIV infection in the United States and dependent areas, 2018. www.cdc.gov/hiv/library/reports/hiv-surveillance/vol-31/index.html. Last reviewed May 7, 2020. Accessed September 1, 2020.
  11. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Diagnoses of HIV infection in the United States and dependent areas, 2017. HIV Surveillance Report, 2017. Volume 29. www.cdc.gov/hiv/pdf/library/reports/surveillance/cdc-hiv-surveillance-report-2017-vol-29.pdf. November 2018. Accessed September 1, 2020.
  12. Reif S, Safley D, McAllaster C, Wilson E, Whetten K. State of HIV in the US Deep South. J Community Health. 2017;42(5):844-853.
  13. Fontenot K, Semega J, Kollar M, US Census Bureau. Income and poverty in the United States: 2017. Current Population Reports, P60-263. US Government Printing Office; 2018.
  14. Adimora AA, Ramirez C, Schoenbach VJ, Cohen MS. Policies and politics that promote HIV infection in the Southern United States. AIDS. 2014;28(10):1393-1397.
  15. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. HIV surveillance in urban and nonurban areas, 2018 (preliminary slide set). www.cdc.gov/hiv/pdf/library/slidesets/cdc-hiv-surveillance-urban-nonurban-2018.pdf. Accessed September 1, 2020.
  16. Reyes-Estrada M, Varas-Díaz N, Martínez-Sarson MT. Religion and HIV/AIDS stigma: considerations for the nursing profession. New School Psychol Bull. 2015;12(1):48-55.
  17. Lindley LL, Coleman JD, Gaddist BW, White J. Informing faith-based HIV/AIDS interventions: HIV-related knowledge and stigmatizing attitudes at Project F.A.I.T.H. churches in South Carolina. Public Health Rep. 2010;125(Suppl 1):12-20.
  18. Rueda S, Mitra S, Chen S, et al. Examining the associations between HIV-related stigma and health outcomes in people living with HIV/AIDS: a series of meta-analyses. BMJ Open. 2016;6(7):e011453.
  19. Wijesinghe S, Alexander JL. Management and treatment of HIV: are primary care clinicians prepared for their new role? BMC Fam Pract. 2020;21(1):130.
  20. Henry K reviewing Bono RS, et al. Clin Infect Dis. Shortage of HIV-experienced clinicians in the Southern U.S. NEJM Journal Watch. April 7, 2020.
  21. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. HIV testing: linkage to care. www.cdc.gov/hiv/clinicians/screening/benefits.html. Last reviewed December 10, 2019. Accessed September 1, 2020.
  22. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Routine screening should be implemented using an “opt-out” approach. www.cdc.gov/hiv/clinicians/screening/opt-out.html. Last reviewed March 4, 2020. Accessed September 1, 2020.
  23. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Screening for HIV: discussing sexual health with your patients. www.cdc.gov/hiv/clinicians/screening/discussing-sexual-health.html. Last reviewed October 21, 2019. Accessed September 1, 2020.
  24. Personal communication, Lisa Fitzpatrick, MD, MPH, MPA, David J. Malebranche, MD, MPH, 2020.
  25. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Laboratory testing for the diagnosis of HIV infection: updated recommendations. https://stacks.cdc.gov/view/cdc/23447. June 27, 2014. Accessed September 1, 2020.
  26. US Food and Drug Administration. Facts about in-home HIV testing. www.fda.gov/consumers/consumer-updates/facts-about-home-hiv-testing. June 25, 2020. Accessed September 1, 2020.
  27. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Newer, improved HIV tests allow for earlier HIV detection. www.cdc.gov/hiv/clinicians/screening/diagnostic-tests.html. Last reviewed December 10, 2019. Accessed September 1, 2020.
  28. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Types of HIV tests. www.cdc.gov/hiv/basics/hiv-testing/test-types.html. Last reviewed June 23, 2020. Accessed September 1, 2020.
  29. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. HIV self-testing (home testing). www.cdc.gov/hiv/basics/hiv-testing/hiv-self-tests.html. Updated September 1, 2020. Accessed September 1, 2020.
  30. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 2018 quick reference guide: recommended laboratory HIV testing algorithm for serum or plasma specimens. https://stacks.cdc.gov/view/cdc/50872. Updated January 2018. Accessed September 1, 2020.
  31. Association of Public Health Laboratories. Suggested reporting language for the HIV laboratory diagnostic testing algorithm. www.aphl.org/aboutAPHL/publications/Documents/ID-2019Jan-HIV-Lab-Test-Suggested-Reporting-Language.pdf. January 2019. Accessed September 1, 2020.
  32. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Sexually transmitted diseases treatment guidelines, 2015. MMWR Recomm Rep. 2015;64(3):1-37.
  33. Branson BM, Handsfield HH, Lampe MA, et al. Revised recommendations for HIV testing of adults, adolescents, and pregnant women in health-care settings. MMWR Recomm Rep. 2006;55(RR-14):1-17; quiz CE11-14.
  34. US Department of Veterans Affairs. Delivering HIV test results. www.hiv.va.gov/pdf/HIV-test-results.pdf. November 2015. Accessed September 1, 2020.